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Harvard Style Guide

A Swinburne University of Technology Library guide to in-text references, reference lists and bibliographies

CONTENTS


Introduction

Essential vocabulary for this guide

Articles
Bibliographic details
Bibliography
Citation
In-text reference
Periodicals
Reference list
Reference list entry


Organising in-text references and reference list entries

Before you begin: the most important rule of all
Writing a reference list or bibliography
Collecting information to use in your assignment


Steps to in-text references and reference list entries


In-text references

Using volume and page numbers
In-text reference dates
 One author or one organisation as author
Two or three authors
More than three authors
More than one work acknowledged in a single in-text reference
Parts of a work written by someone other than the author
Chapter from an edited book
More than one work by the same author and the works are written in different years
More than one work by the same author and the works are written in the same year
Two or more authors with the same name but different initial(s), each with a work published in the same year
Two or more different authors with the same name and initial(s), each with a work published in the same year
No author or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation
One author referring to another author
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Audiovisual material (films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs)
Images, graphs and tables pasted in-text
Webpages
Unpublished documents
Personal communications


Reference lists and bibliographies

Information sources on paper, DVD, tape etc.

Books

  1. Book with one author
  2. Book with two authors
  3. Book with three authors
  4. Book with an organisation as author
  5. Book with a government department as author
  6. Book with more than three authors
  7. Book with no author
  8. Book with an editor
  9. Book in a series
  10. Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry
  11. More than one place of publication
  12. Chapter or article from a book
  13. Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary

Periodicals

  1. Articles with an author
  2. Articles with no author
  3. Newspaper articles
  4. Reviews of books, films, television, performances etc.
  5. Annual reports

Conference papers; published proceedings

Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Acts of Parliament

Standards

Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical

Audiovisual material

  1. DVD's and videocassettes
  2. Sound recordings e.g. audio CDs, audio cassettes, reels, vinyl records, etc.
  3. Kit: a combination of media, such as an audio CD plus printed booklet/s
  4. Radio and television broadcasts

Leaflets, flyers, booklets, pamphlets, newsletters etc.

Unpublished sources of information

  1. Unpublished documents: theses, personal papers, diaries etc.
  2. Interviews, conversations, telephone calls, personal letters, lectures/speeches

Items in a foreign language (non-English)


Online resources

Dates for online resources

Articles in online databases

  1. Article with an author
  2. Article without an author
  3. Conference paper
  4. TVNews file

Reports from online databases

Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries

Ebooks

Tables, graphs and images from an ebook or periodical in a database

Webpages

Page numbers on the Web

Dates for webpages

  1. Web document with an author
  2. Web document without an author
  3. Webpage of a company or organisation
  4. Australian Standards online
  5. Patents from open access online resources
  6. Australian Bureau of Statistics webpages
  7. Acts of Parliament, Legislative Instruments etc. from webpages/websites
  8. Discussion lists and discussion boards
  9. Lectopia recordings
  10. Learning material in Blackboard
  11. Blogs and Twitter
  12. Wikis
  13. YouTube

Email & SMS text messages

  1. Email with permission to acknowledge the email address
  2. Email without permission to acknowledge the email address
  3. SMS text messages

Other online resources


Bibliographic software (EndNote)


Layout of quotations


Further reading


Standard abbreviations used in information source acknowlegement


More examples of in-text references and reference list/bibliography entries

Introduction

This guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for your assignments. The style used in this guide is the Harvard Style, which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system. It is based on the section about methods of citation in the Australian Government Style manual (Snooks and Co. 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld) and also Colin Neville's (2007) The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, Maidenhead--both of which can give you further information and more examples.

This guide tells you which details you need to include in in-text references for most sources of information (books, articles, audiovisual material, webpages etc.) and how to set out those in-text references. This guide will also help you prepare your reference list or bibliography, which is a more comprehensive set of details about each information source you used.

There are several important reasons for acknowledging the sources of information you have used in your assignments:

  1. You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers. If you do not indicate when ideas or information presented in your assignment are actually the work of other people, in academia this is called plagiarism (a type of stealing) for which you can be penalised or even failed. For more about plagiarism and how to avoid it, please see Avoiding Plagiarism at Swinburne.
  2. Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you to substantiate the statements you make in your assignment.
  3. Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your assignment by reading some of the same books, articles and other information sources you have used.

This guide is also available in full on the Swinburne University of Technology Library website, at http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_style.htm. The website version includes more examples of some information sources as well as guidelines for new, rare or unsual types of information sources.

There are other styles and systems of acknowledging information in your work. For example, APA Style is a style used for Psychology. Ask your teacher which style they want you to use.

 

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Essential vocabulary for this guide

Articles

news, reports, research, reviews and other documents published in newspapers, magazines and journals.

Bibliographic details

the details that help identify a source of information, such as name of author, year of publication, title, publisher, etc.

Bibliography

a list of books, articles and other sources of information which you have consulted and found useful in your research. It may include items which you have not referred to directly or indirectly in the text of your assignment.

Citation

a record that provides all the bibliographic details needed to accurately locate a text.

In-text reference

a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information you have used within the main text of your assignment. In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography at the end of the assignment.

Paraphrase

to use someone else's information but presented using your own words or phrasing.

Periodicals

publications that are published regularly (eg. daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) such as magazines, journals and newspapers.

Reference list

a list of books, articles and other information sources that you have referred to (either by quoting them, summarising them or paraphrasing them) in the text of your assignment. No additional items are included in a reference list, even those you found broadly relevant to your research but did not use--only those you do actually refer to. NB: Sometimes you may have to provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotated bibliography) with your essay or report--check with your teacher if they require both.

Reference list entry

a set of information, arranged using the Harvard Style, that provides all the bibliographic details needed to accurately locate a text. If you must provide a bibliography for your assignment, then a 'bibiliography entry' is effectively the same as a reference list entry.

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Organising in-text references and reference list entries

Before you begin: the most important rule of all

The most important rule in when preparing any in-text references or reference lists is to always be consistent.
All in-text reference or reference list entries for the same type of information source should be laid out the same way throughout your assignment. For example, all articles from newspapers that you sourced from databases like EBSCOhost or Factiva should be laid out the same way.

Writing a reference list or bibliography

The following points may seem strict, but they can be important in interpreting or trying to locate a source of information.

  1. Always assemble and present the bibliographic details about the source in the same order.
  2. Be consistent in your use of punctuation.
  3. Be consistent in your use of capital letters.
  4. Observe the conventions on italics and single quotation marks which help to distinguish books and periodicals from the chapters or articles in them:
  • italics for the title of a book (or DVD, periodical or webpage);
  • enclose the title of an article in single quotation marks

    NB: Underlining may be used instead of italics, however, using italics is now usually preferred because underlined references can be confused with hypertext links for webpages. Also, underlining is mostly used with handwritten or typewritten material. Italics will be used throughout this guide.

  1. Arrange your reference list entries in a clearly distinguishable order. A single sequence arranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author's family name/surname) is the most common. Alternatives include:
  • alphabetical within topics according to subject (e.g. a bibliography on passenger transportation divided into aircraft, trains, cars, buses and boats).
  • alphabetical within groups according to format (e.g. books, periodicals, audiovisual items).

Collecting information to use in your assignment

As you find information that you want to use, it is a good idea to record the source/s of the information in full. It takes less time to type out the bibliographic details or to copy & paste them into an electronic document in full the first time (even if you decide later not to use it), than to try to find the details at the last minute on the day when your assignment is due.

A suggestion is to use a manila folder, set of plastic sleeves, large envelope etc. to store photocopied references in and to use a computer folder to store all online resources, including their bibliographic details.

If you have used several libraries (eg. a Swinburne campus library, a local public library, The State Library of Victoria and a CAVAL library) to collect your information, it is a good idea to note where you found your source as well as its call number in that library. This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment, but will help you to find the material again in that other library if required.

Postgraduate students and staff should read about Bibliographic software (EndNote).

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Steps to in-text references and reference list entries

Step 1:

Record all bibliographic details about each information source you find and consider for use in your assignment.

In the case of a book, bibliographic details refer to pieces of information like the name/s of the author or editor, date of publication, title, edition (if not the first), volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.

In the case of an article from a periodical, bibliographic details refers to information like author/s of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the periodical, day and month of publication and page number or page numbers on which the article appears.

In the case of an online resource, bibliographic details refers to information like author/s of the resource, year of publication, title of the resource, database provider or sponsor of the webpage, day and month the resource was first viewed, and URL (webpage address).

Step 2:

Whenever you refer to some else's information (someone else's work) in your assignment, insert an in-text reference at the appropriate place within your text. This means there will be a note or marker at that place in your assignment showing where you are acknowledging that someone else is responsible for that piece of information. You may have to do this many times throughout your assignment.

Step 3:

Lastly, provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment (or both if your teacher has requested them).

Remember: if you are having any problems using the Harvard Style, you can ask for help from:

  • the librarian at the Consultation Desk;
  • your teacher or supervisor for the relevant subject/s;
  • language support teachers or study support teachers in LAS/LearningLinks at your campus.
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In-text references

Each time you use someone else's information (someone else's work) in your assignment, you place a brief note (or marker) in the text of your assignment to acknowledge the source of that information you have quoted, paraphrased or summarised. These brief notes are called in-text references, or sometimes they are called in-text citations. In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography at the end of your assignment, with the full details of all sources of information that you have used.

Generally, an in-text reference is simply the author's family name/surname and the year of publication. Additional details such as page numbers, volume numbers (and authors' initials, if more than one item coincidentally has an author with the same surname as a different item) should only be used when necessary to avoid confusion with other sources of information. However, quotations should always be acknowledged with page number details.

Enclose the in-text reference in parentheses. If you want to identify or give prominence to a particular author in your text because they are very important in their field, their name does not need to be enclosed in parentheses, as you will place their name in the text of your assignment.

If you are not giving prominence to the author, your in-text reference should be placed at the end of the sentence. You may decide to give prominence to an author if they are well-recognised as being important figures in their field.

e.g. 1: no prominence ...the differences between an autocracy and a democracy (Filatova 2004).
e.g. 2: giving prominence to an author Zakaria (2009) focusses on the global economy...

If you are unsure of how to arrange an author's name or the author seems to have a difficult or unconventional name and the item you wish to use was found using Search the Library, then examine the Search the Library entry for the item to see how we have arranged the name and then use this entry arrangement consistently throughout your assignment.

NB. Multiples (in a single consecutive range) of pages and/or years are indicated in the following manner:
Single page: p. 499. Multiple pages: pp. 99-110.
Single year: 2009. Multiple years: eg. 1: 1998-2002; eg. 2: 2003-2009.

Using volume and page numbers

If it is necessary to specify a volume or page number/s in an in-text reference (for example if the work is very long, these may be useful for a reader), then add these details after the publication year:

e.g. 1 Asafu-adjaye (2005, p. 330) identifies two main approaches...
e.g. 2 (de Botton 2009, pp. 260-262).
e.g. 3 (Russell 1969, vol. 3, p. 138).

Please also see Page numbers on the Web.

In-text reference dates

Only the year of publication is used for the date of an in-text reference, even if you have a complete date of publication involving day and month as well (such as an article in a daily newspaper).

e.g.

 Wright asks, "How many car buyers are aware of how many workers in how many countries helped build their car?" (2009, p. 413).

Sometimes a year of publication for an information source cannot be located. As Harvard Style is based on the combination of author and date, one of the following substitutes should be used:

n.d. = no known date.

c. 1995 = circa 1995 (i.e. an approximate date).

2005? = a dubious / possible date.

forthcoming = a work to be published in the near future.

e.g.

 Evidently there is still uncertainty and ongoing debate about the actual colours painted on Tunisian Tigers (Chaltry c. 2002).


One author or one organisation as author

The name and year is placed in parentheses, usually at the end of the sentence. Remember, quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.

e.g. Mashup products were inevitable because something was needed to process the huge amounts of data going online (Ogrinz 2009).

To identify/give prominence to an important author in your assignment, the author's surname/family name is integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year, in parentheses.

e.g.

 Ogrinz (2009) sees mashup products as inevitable results of so much data going online.

If the author is an organisation or group, use the name of the organization.

e.g. 1

 The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities received greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).

e.g. 2

 The United Nations General Assembly (2008) strongly claims that it plays a significant role in developing international law and setting international standards.


Two or three authors

When a work has two authors, the in-text reference shows the names of the authors, separated by an ampersand (&):

e.g. (Zabin & Brebach 2004).

When a work has three authors, the first two names are separated by a comma and the third from the second by an ampersand:

e.g. (Kotler, Kartajaya & Hooi 2007).


More than three authors

When a work has more than three authors, the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation
'et al.', which means 'and others':

e.g. (Gajski et al. 1993).

However, the names of all the authors should be shown in the corresponding reference list entry and in the order as listed in the work--do not change the order of the authors' names in any way.

More than one work acknowledged in a single in-text reference

More than one work may be acknowledged in a single in-text reference. This occurs when two or more works arrive at the same finding or conclusion about the same thing and you wish to draw attention to this:

e.g. (Larsen, Jacobs & van Vlimmeren 2003; Macdonald 2008).

Note: the works are presented in alphabetical order, arranged by the (first) author's surname/family name--L before M.

When two or more authors of a single work are integrated in the text, the word 'and' is used rather than the ampersand (&):

e.g. Larsen, Jacobs and van Vlimmeren (2003) and Macdonald (2008) all identify that it is crucial to...


Parts of a work written by someone other than the author

When someone other than the author writes part of a work, such as a preface or introduction, give both names.

e.g. Egner (in Russell 2009) proposes that...

 

 (Egner, in Russell 2009).

In the reference list entry, you only need to show details of the work in which the contribution, or part of the work, appeared. For the example above, of Egner's introduction in Russell's work, it would simply be:

e.g.

 Russell, B 2009, Bertrand Russell's best, Taylor & Francis, EBL EBook Library, viewed 3 September 2009.

The fact that Egner had written the introduction is not mentioned.


Chapter from an edited book

If you wish to use information from a book where each chapter or section is written by a different author and then the book is finalised by an editor or editors, two sets of guidelines must be used to create the in-text reference and the corresponding reference list entry.

For the in-text citation, only acknowledge the name of the author/s of the chapter you wish to use--do not mention the book editor/s at all. This is different to the preceding guidelines, Parts of a work written by someone other than the author.

e.g. Carlson (2008, p. 16) defines ISMS as…

 

 (Carlson 2008, p. 16).

When compiling the reference list, carefully read and use the guidelines from Chapter or article from a book from the Reference lists and Bibliographies section of this guide.
Add page numbers for the whole chapter/section after the place of publication details.
In the example below, note the different arrangement of the details of the editors' names.

e.g.

 Carlson, T 2008, 'Understanding information security management systems', in HF Tipton & M Krause (eds) 2008, Information security management handbook, 6th edn, vol. 2, Auerbach, Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 15-28.


More than one work by the same author and the works are written in different years

For an in-text reference where there is more than one work by the same author and each work was written in a different year, list the publication years in chronological order (oldest to newest), separated by commas.

e.g. 1: single author

 (Flannery 2003, 2005, 2008).

e.g. 2: corporate author

 The Department of Health and Ageing (2007, 2008) presents data...

When you include page numbers, a semicolon (;) is used to separate a page reference from a date that follows it.

e.g.

 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002, 2007, p. 77; 2009).


More than one work by the same author and the works are written in the same year

When there is more than one work by the same author and each work was written in the same year, arrange the works by date (oldest to newest) and alphabetically assign lower-case letters to the works, in order to distinguish between them. Insert the lower-case letter immediately after the date in the in-text reference. The reference list entries must be arranged alphabetically by those lower-case letters.

An example of an in-text reference:

 ...very supportive of him (Zwartz 2009a, 2009b).

The corresponding two reference list entries:

 Zwartz, B 2009a, 'Parishioners show a united faith in their Father Bob', The Age, 8 September, p. 5, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCOhost, viewed 11 May 2010.

Zwartz, B 2009b, 'Fans rally to Father Bob's plea: 'All I am saying is give priests a chance'', The Age, 14 September, p. 7, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCOhost, viewed 11 May 2010.

If you have more than 26 works published by the same author in the same year, please see More examples of in-text references and reference list/bibliography entries to see the guidelines about how to acknowledge them.


Two or more authors with the same name but different initial(s), each with a work published in the same year

For two or more authors whom have the same name but different initial(s) and both wrote their works in the same year, then add their initial(s) after their name and separate the name from the initial(s) with a comma. Arrange the reference list entries alphabetically by initial(s).

e.g.

Although mosquito larvae populations were somewhat reduced in lakes (Nguyen, D 2009), there was no noticeable change in population sizes in irrigation canals (less than 0.1% error margin) in the same country (Nguyen, L 2009, p. 242) and only a <5% decrease in populations in natural streams and rivers (Nguyen, PN 2009, p. 3).


Two or more different authors with the same name and initial(s), each with a work published in the same year

In this rare situation, a combination of guidelines from immediately preceding sections are employed.

First, add the authors' initials after their name and separate the name from the initials with a comma. Second, arrange the works alphabetically by title and alphabetically assign lower-case letters to the works, in order to distinguish between them. Third, insert the lower-case letter imediately after the date in the in-text reference. Lastly, the reference list entries must be arranged alphabetically by those lower-case letters.

In the example below are two different authors, both with initial and name of A. Mohammed, writing in two different countries. If required, a way to verify that two authors are different people is to check their unique identifiers and affiliations (Scopus is one database that provides both of these pieces of information).

An example of the in-text references:

In calculating population growth, suitability should be assessed first (Mohammed, A 2009b, pp. 82-83) before choosing a mathematical structure (Mohammed, A 2009a, p. 497).

The corresponding two reference list entries:

 Mohammed, A 2009a, 'A remark on the classifications of rhotrices as abstract structures', International Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 496-499, Scopus, viewed 12 May 2010.

Mohammed, A 2009b, 'An approach for assessing the suitability of Ceriodaphnia rigaudii as an indigenous tropical toxicity test species', Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 79-86, Scopus, viewed 12 May 2010.


No author or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation

Sometimes a work has no identifiable author. In this case, substitute the title of the book, article or webpage for the author's name--don't use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'. The title must be in italics (or underlined--see note from earlier). There is no need to repeat the title again after the year of publication in an in-text reference. For the piece of legislation in example 3, s. replaces p. and it means Section, as all pieces of Australian legislation are comprised of Sections.

e.g. 1 … in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London 1683) .

e.g. 2a

 Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law 2002).

e.g. 2b

 In Drugs and the law (2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws ...

e.g. 3: legislation

 60 days or more notice must be given to a tenant by a landlord before demolition of the premises (Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic), s. 256).


One author referring to another author

When one author acknowledges (either refers to or quotes) another author's work and you wish to acknowledge that other authors' work in your assignment too, use all the authors' names in the in-text reference. As part of the in-text reference you must use the phrase "cited in" so the reader can understand which author is referring to the other author.

In example 1 below, Kuttruff refers in his book to a method developed earlier by Eisenmenger and Dayem, which Kuttruff then discusses and quotes at length in his book.

Remember from earlier, that when two authors of a work are integrated in the text, the word 'and' is used.

e.g. 1a Eisenmenger and Dayem (cited in Kuttruff 2007) have developed a method...
e.g. 1b (Eisenmenger & Dayem, cited in Kuttruff 2007).
e.g. 2: giving prominence "The way in which one structures the day is also important. Oberg writes: "Although I am not certain, I think culture shock affects wives more than husbands. The husband has his professional duties to occupy him and his activities may not differ too much from what he has been accustomed to."" (Oberg, cited in Irwin 2007, p. 9).

In the reference list, only give details of the author doing the citing, because it is from the citing author's work that you sourced the information.

To continue e.g. 1 from above:

 Reference list
Kuttruff H 2007, Acoustics: an introduction, Taylor & Francis, London.


Encyclopedias and dictionaries

If there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia, use the author-date method already described. For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author, compose your in-text reference like this:

e.g. 1 The Macquarie dictionary (2001) defines it as …

e.g. 2

 (Encyclopædia Britannica 2008).


Audiovisual material (DVDs/videos, television and radio programs, motion pictures)

Provide the title of the item in italics and the date.

e.g. 1 (The biggest Chinese restaurant in the world 2009).

e.g. 2

 In the motion picture Slumdog millionaire (2008) the portrayal of orphans is…


Images, graphs and tables pasted in-text

When you insert someone else's image, graph or table into your work, place the in-text reference in parentheses immediately under it and then make sure there is space between the insert's in-text reference and the rest of your assignment's text. All in-text reference guidelines mentioned above apply--use author/s surname/family name, year and page number.

e.g. 1: photograph (Moores 2009).

e.g. 2: table of statistics

 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009).

Webpages

If there is an author for a webpage, use the author-date method already described.

e.g. 1 (Dorosh 2007).
e.g. 2 (Victorian Association of TAFE Libraries 2008).

If there is no author, use the title of the webpage.


Unpublished documents

If there is an author for an unpublished work, use the author-date method already described. An unpublished work may be a collection of personal research notes; an unpublished thesis; a manuscript; an unpublished paper given at a conference; etc.

e.g. (Florey 1925).

If there is no author, use the title of the unpublished work.

e.g. (Helping those who don't want help 2005).
e.g. (Trigger point therapy 2007).


Personal communications

Personal communications include conversations, interviews, lectures or speeches, telephone calls and personal letters.

Personal communications usually do not appear in a reference list unless your assignment is based mainly on information collected from personal communications. The Library strongly advises that you first check with your teacher about whether they will permit you to use these sources of information in your assignment.

Personal communications are usually acknowledged in-text only and must also state the format of the communication. The day, month and time of the communication may also be necessary. Note carefully that initials precede the surname/family name for Personal Communications. A general format for stating that a communication is personal in an in-text reference is 'pers. comm.'. Specific formats include letter, facsimilie, lecture or speech, interview, conversation (also used for relephone calls), email and lastly SMS text message.

You can choose to either provide the details about the source of information directly in the running text of your assignment, or enclosed in parentheses.

Please also see Unpublished sources of information.

e.g 1: directly in the text
In an email dated 20 March 2009, Derek Whitehead wrote:
 
"The GCC is a corporate health and wellbeing event combining exercise, fun, team-based challenges and a 'virtual' interactive experience in some of the most amazing places on Earth.".
e.g 2: enclosed in parentheses
In the lecture it was advised that:
 
"When you see amendments listed below an original Act in this database, then the original Act should have been edited to include those amendments; you don’t have to make those changes yourself." (N Pavlovski 2009, lecture, 8 August).
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Reference lists and bibliographies

In the Harvard Style of acknowledging sources of information, the author and the publication year are the link between the in-text references and the reference list entries or bibliography entries. There is no difference in preparing a reference list or a bibliography--both use the same details--a bibliography will simply have more entries than a reference list, because a bibliography includes everything you looked at whilst researching the assignment, even if you have not referred to some of them directly or indirectly in the text of your assignment.

You should arrange the entries in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically, by author name (family name/surname or organisation name).

Information sources on paper, DVD, tape etc.

Book chapters and periodical articles accessed through Subject Materials Online are treated using the guidelines in this section, not those found later in the Online Resources section. Treat Subject Materials Online items as if they were actual book chapters, magazine articles, etc.

Books

The guidelines for creating Harvard Style entries for any type of information source are all derived from the guidelines for entries for Books. The guidelines here are thus adapted for all other information sources. If you find an information source that is not covered by any of the guidelines in this booklet, you can create an entry for it by first consulting the guidelines for Books.

For books, the details you must include in the entry are as follows and must be presented in this order:

  1. Author(s)--either a person or an organisation--or editor(s).
  2. Year of publication. See In-text reference dates, from earlier.
  3. Title--plus the subtitle, if there is one. Place a colon between the title and subtitle.
  4. Title of series and volume number--if applicable.
  5. Edition--only if this is not the first edition of the book. Edition is abbreviated as 'edn'.
  6. Publisher.
  7. Place of publication--city or area. Extra information may be provided if there is more than one place with the same name eg. there is Cambridge in the UK but there is also Cambridge in Massachusetts in the USA. You should distinguish between the two--Cambridge for the UK, Cambridge, Mass. for the USA. Examine the Search the Library entry for the item and follow it if you are unsure.

You can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e. the page immediately following the title page) or from the Search the Library entry for the item. The following examples illustrate how to set out the reference list or bibliography entries for a variety of different types of books. NB: if you are using an ebook, you need to see the Online Resources section of this guide as there are specific guidelines for ebooks.

Notes:

The author's name comes first. Put the surname/family name first, then initial/s of the given or personal names. Do not place full stops between or after an author's initials. When an author has more than one initial, do not place spaces between their initials. If listing an editor or editors, put the abbreviation (ed.) or (eds) after their name/s. Year of publication is the last item to be entered before Book title.

Book titles are italicised. Series titles are not italicised. Use minimal capitalisation for book titles.

Commas are used to separate each of the listed details above for an entry.

You should only use the author's initials and family name/surname in your reference list entry, regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book. You can use an author's full name to help distinguish between two authors with the same surname and initials--you should then do the same with your in-text references to help distinguish between those two authors.

If an item has more than one author, the authors' names should be listed in the order they appear on the title page--do not re-arrange their names by alphabetical order.

Use an ampersand (&) between two authors' names, rather than the word 'and'.

If you know some extra detail for an information source but it is not given on the source itself, you may include it in a square bracket e.g. [Sydney]. You may find this sort of information by using Search the Library, or in another library's catalogue.
  1. Book with one author

    e.g.

    		 Kornberger, H 2008, The power of stories: nurturing children's imagination and consciousness, Floris Books, Edinburgh.

  2. Book with two authors

    Names should be listed in the order they appear on the title page.

    e.g.

    		 Sumner, DE & Miller, HG 2009, Feature and magazine writing: action, angle and anecdotes, 2nd edn, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK.

  3. Book with three authors

    e.g.

    		 Ghali, A, Neville, AM & Brown, TG 2009, Structural analysis: a unified classical and matrix approach, 6th edn, Taylor & Francis, London.

  4. Book with an organisation as author

    The organisation's name should be capitalised. If an organisation's name begins with The (eg. The National Committee on Soil and Terrain), delete the first The. Do not use an ampersand (&) in an organisation's name--use the word 'and' instead.

    e.g. National Committee on Soil and Terrain 2009, Australian soil and land survey field handbook, 3rd edn, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic.

  5. Book with a government department as author

    The department's name should be capitalised.

    e.g.

    		 Department of Victorian Communities 2003, The People of Victoria: statistics from the 2001 census, Department of Victorian Communities, Melbourne.

  6. Book with more than three authors

    e.g.

    		 Haran, J, McNeil, M, O'Riordan, K & Kitzinger, J 2007, Human cloning in the media: from science fiction to science practice, Genetics and Society, Routledge, London.

  7. Book with no author

    Use the title of the work (in italics), then the date (not italicised).

    e.g.

    		 Training Australians: a better way of working: 27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies 1990, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.

  8. Book with an editor

    e.g.one editor

    		 Hyde, R (ed.) 2006, Bioclimatic housing: innovative designs for warm climates, Earthscan, Sterling, Va.

    e.g. more than one editor

    		 Lancaster, BP, Schultz, GM & Fabozzi, FJ (eds) 2008, Structured products and related credit derivatives: a comprehensive guide for investors, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.

  9. Book in a series

    List the name of the series after the title of the work and its number in the series. If the series states that it is comprised of volumes, place a prefix of (vol.) before its number. If the series does not state that it is comprised of volumes but that there is a numbering system being used for the series, then simply place a prefix of (no.) before its number. If the book's number in the series is not listed, then simply state what series it is in.

    e.g. series - of volumes
    Cabrera, M & Malanowski, N 2009 (eds), Information and communication technologies for active ageing: opportunities and challenges for the European Union, Assistive technology research series, vol. 23, IOS Press, Amsterdam.

    e.g. series - numbered only
    Porter, L & Shaw, K (eds) 2009, Whose urban renaissance?: an international comparison of urban regeneration strategies, Routledge studies in human geography, no. 27, Routledge, London.

    e.g. series - number not listed


    Ateljevic, J & Page, SJ (eds) 2009, Tourism and entrepreneurship: international perspectives, Advances in tourism research, Elsevier, Oxford.

  10. Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry

    The reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.

    e.g.

    		 Cole inquiry--see Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006.
    Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006, Report of the Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, (Commissioner the Honourable Terence RH Cole), Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament); 2006, no. 395-399, Inquiry into Certain Australian Companies in Relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, Sydney.

  11. More than one place of publication

    If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.


  12. Chapter or article from a book

    Give the details of the chapter or article first, then the details of the publication in which it appeared.
    Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.
    Note that the initials precede the surname/family name of the authors of the publication in which the chapter or article appears.
    Add pagination for the whole chapter/section after the place of publication details.

    e.g.

    		 Huth, E 2005, 'Fragments of participation in architecture, 1963--2002: Graz and Berlin', in P Blundell Jones, D Petrescu & J Till (eds) 2005, Architecture and participation, Spon Press, London, pp. 141-148.

  13. Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary

    If there is no author, use the title of the entry or article first.
    If you are using an online encyclopedia (eg. Britannica Online), or online dictionary (eg. Oxford Reference Online) then please see Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries.

    e.g. 1

    		 Slater, K 2006, 'Camel's-hair cloth', The World Book encyclopedia, vol. 3, World Book, Chicago, pp. 79-80.

    e.g. 2

    		 'hodgepodge' 2003, Collins Cobuild learner's dictionary, 2nd edn, HarperCollins, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, p. 525.

Periodicals

Maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals. This means that each major word in the title of a periodical must have a capital letter. For all other titles, capitalisation is minimal.

Periodical titles are italicised.

Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.

In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number. An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume. Look at the periodical carefully, just in case it has an entirely individual numbering system instead of volume and issue or volume and month/season.


1. Articles with an author

For articles in journals and magazines, include the following information:

  1. Author(s)--if given.
  2. Year of publication.
  3. Title of article--enclose title in single quotation marks.
  4. Title of periodical.
  5. Place of publication (city)--only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same title.
  6. Volume and/or issue number.
  7. Day and month or season--if Volume and/or issue number are not provided, or if needed to help precisely identify an article.
  8. Page number(s).

e.g.

 Srinivasan, G, Bhaduri, AK, Shankar, V & Raj, B 2008, 'Evaluation of hot cracking susceptibility of some austenitic stainless steels and a nickel-base alloy', Welding in the World, vol. 52, no. 7-8, pp. 4-17.

2. Articles with no author

e.g.

 'Entangled photons could be seen by the naked eye' 2008, New Scientist, vol. 197, no. 2644, p. 17.

3. Newspaper articles

Replace the volume/issue number details with day and month:

e.g. 1: with an author

Wilson, A 2008, 'Early falls lift hopes of best ski season for years', The Australian, 28 April, p. 6.

e.g. 2: no author

 'Walk this way, John' 2008, The Herald Sun, 27 April, p. 26.

4. Reviews of books, films, television, performances, etc.

Include:

  1. Name of reviewer.
  2. Year.
  3. Title of the review.
  4. Description of what is being reviewed and its author.
  5. Periodical in which the review appeared.
  6. Day and month or season--if applicable.
  7. Page numbers.

Initials precede the surname/family name of the author/s of the artwork being reviewed.

e.g. 1

Wilson, J 2009, 'In defence of the superficial', review of Warhol superstars on film presented by ACMI, The Age, 26 September, A2, p. 23.
 
'A2' before the page number indicates a special independently-paginated section of the newspaper.

e.g. 2

Woodhead, C 2009, 'Eloquent, soul-baring theatre--with laughs', review of Look mummy I'm dancing by V Van Durme, The Age, 15 October, p. 18.

5. Annual reports

These are not periodicals in the usual sense, but are important regular publications of government bodies, companies and other organisations. A reference for an annual report should include:

  1. Name of organisation.
  2. Date of publication--if applicable.
  3. Short descriptive title.
  4. Year(s) covered.

e.g. 1

 Department of Health and Ageing 2007, Annual Report 2006-2007, Canberra.

e.g. 2
Iluka Resources Limited 2007, Annual Report 2007.

For an example of an annual report on a webpage, please see Webpage of a company or organisation.

Conference papers; published proceedings

Papers presented at conferences and similar types of meetings (a congress, a symposium, etc.) are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference. A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book. NB: Conference papers or proceedings published on a CD-ROM are also to be treated using these guidelines.

Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included, while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted unless these form part of the title of the proceedings. See the Search the Library entry for the item if you are uncertain.
In the second example, there is a date of 2008 after the authors' names, even though the symposium was held in 2007. This is because year of publication of the papers and the year that the conference was held is different. Date of publication is the important detail; if they are different, the different dates must be included in the entry.

Also note that pagination (how pages are numbered) may involve letters as well as numbers in these sorts of publications. In such cases, use the pagination exactly as it appears in the publication.

e.g. 1

Lee, CY 2008, 'Security and ethical issues in the virtual world of Second Life', Conference proceedings of AiCE 2008, Melbourne, 11 February 2008, fifth Australian Institute of Computer Ethics conference, School of Information Systems, Deakin University, pp. 119-129.

e.g. 2

 Zhang, JS & Henkel, K 2008, 'Statistical properties of extragalactic H2O maser sources', Astrophysical masers and their environments: proceedings of the 242th symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Alice Springs, Australia, March 12-16, 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 414-415.


Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Include the ABS catalogue number after the title. Use ABS as the Publisher details.

e.g.

 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998, Marriages and divorces, Australia, cat. no. 3310.0, ABS, Canberra.
Please also see Australian Bureau of Statistics webpages.


Acts of Parliament

The following information is given, in this order:

  1. Title of the Act and Date of publication--these are both italicised. Do not place a comma after these.
  2. List the abbreviation of the jurisdiction, in parentheses. If the jurisdiction is the Commonwealth, use (Cwlth).
  3. Section number/s.
  4. Reprint number--if applicable.
  5. Publisher.
  6. Place of publication.
e.g. Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic), ss. 167-187, reprint 2, Anstat, Melbourne.


Standards

Standards Australia defines a standard as 'a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do'.

For standards, the following information is given, in this order:

  1. Author(s).
  2. Year of publication--use the date that the current edition of the standard was published.
  3. Title.
  4. Standard Number--enclosed in parentheses.
  5. Publisher.
  6. Place of publication.

e.g. 1

 Standards Australia 2006, Information technology--security techniques--information security management systems--requirements, (AS/NZS ISO/IEC 27001:2006), Standards Australia, Sydney.

e.g. 2

 American Society for Testing and Materials 2006, Standard specification for aluminum alloys in ingot and molten forms for castings from all casting processes, (ASTM B179-06), ASTM, West Conshohocken, Penn.

Please also see Australian Standards Online.


Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical

This also applies to advertisements in newspapers, magazines and other forms printed on paper.
Use the following to describe what the item is:[table] for tables, [graph] for graphs, [image] for photographs, figures & graphics, and lastly [advertisement] for all advertisements.
For advertisements on radio and TV, please see Radio and television broadcasts.

e.g.1: table in a book 'Table 1: Personality problems - behaviour predictors' [table] in R de Board 1983, Counselling people at work: an introduction for managers, Gower, Aldershot, Hants., p. 25.
e.g.2: advertisement in a magazine 'Sony HD handycam' [advertisement] in Time Australia 2007, vol. 49, 17 December, p. 31.
e.g.3: photograph in a book 'Fig. 10: Parrot's Nest (Goorambil), the djurebil of the hoop pine' [image] in JG Steele 1983, Aboriginal pathways in southeast Queensland and the Richmond River, University of Queensland Press, St, Lucia, Qld, p. 16.
e.g.4: photograph in a newspaper 'Students need calm in order to study effectively' [image] in C Milburn 2009, 'Can I have your attention?', The Age, 12 October, p. 14.

Audiovisual material

You may need to write a reference for a videotape, DVD, TV program etc. The guidelines are similar to those used for Books. Use the label on the item or it's Search the Library entry to obtain the information you need. Include the following details:

  1. Author (if there is one).
  2. Year of publication (not the original year of release).
  3. Title.
  4. Type--this is enclosed in square brackets [ ]. The appropriate one for each format is listed below in each format's example.
  5. Name of producer/director (presented in first name/s initial/s then surname/family name).
  6. Place of production.

1. DVD's and videocassettes

e.g. 1: DVD

 People at Origin Energy: an HRM case study 2007 [video], Video Education Australasia, Ballarat.

e.g. 2: videocassette

 Hitchcock, A 1986, Psycho [video], Director A Hitchcock, CIC Video, Australia.

The Search the Library entry for the item will tell you what Type these items are listed as. You must use the Type listed in the Search the Library entry--do not use the Types listed in the dropdown menu of the Advanced Search screen. Both videocassettes and DVDs are currently listed as "video".

2. Sound recordings e.g. audio CDs, audio cassettes, reels, vinyl records, etc.

This includes recordings of radio broadcasts.
If no title is given for the program, you should supply your own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets. As always, the title should be italicised.
Conclude with day and month of the broadcast.

e.g. 1: radio interview recorded onto CD [Interview with Josie Arnold] 2003 [audio], ABC Radio Melbourne, Melbourne, 29 April.
e.g. 2: commercially-made music CD The Eternal 2005, Sleep of Reason [audio], Firebox Records, Seinajoki, Finland.

3. Kit: a combination of media, such as an audio CD plus printed booklet/s

e.g.

 Maeda-Nye, M & Okada, S 2006, 15 minute Japanese: learn Japanese in just 15 minutes a day [kit], Dorling Kindersley, London.

4. Radio and television broadcasts

Include:

  1. Title. If no title is given for the program, you should supply your own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets. As always, the title should be italicised.
  2. Year of broadcast.
  3. Type--use either [television program] or [radio program].
  4. Series title (this can replace item a. if you are providing a reference list entry for the entire series).
  5. Broadcasting station.
  6. Day and month of broadcast.
e.g. 1: TV: title given Howard's end 2008 [television program], Four Corners, ABC1, 18 February.
e.g. 2: TV: no title given [Protest by Melbourne's taxi drivers ends] 2008 [television program], News, Channel 9, 30 April.
e.g. 3: Radio: title given The Freemasons 2009 [radio program], Rear vision, ABC Radio National, 7 October.
e.g. 4: whole four-part TV series Downunder Grads 2008 [television program], SBS-TV, 5 March, 12 March, 19 March, 26 March.


Leaflets, flyers, booklets, pamphlets, newsletters etc.

These small publications often contain useful information, but don't often have all the details printed on them in order to perfectly identify them using all the guidelines in Harvard Style. So, try to provide as many identifying details as you can successfully locate on the publication. Include as many of the following details as possible:

  1. Author/s.
  2. Date of publication (estimate this if not given).
  3. Title (or your own short descriptive title).
  4. Publisher.
  5. Place of publication.
  6. Brief description. Use 'leaflet' for items printed on a single sheet of paper, 'booklet' for everything else (even if only two sheets of paper stapled together).
  7. Location, if held in a permanent collection (at a State Library, etc.).

e.g. 1: single sheet leaflet/flyer

 City of Whitehorse c. 2009, MEGAmile (west) & Blackburn activity centres: urban design framework - community bulletin no. 1, City of Whitehorse, Victoria, leaflet.

e.g. 2: newsletter; more than one sheet

 ANGFA Victoria 2008, Vicnews no. 72, ANGFA Victoria, Chirnside Park, booklet.

e.g. 3: booklet/pamphlet

 Nucleus network c. 2009, Clinical research participant information, Victoria, booklet.


Unpublished sources of information

Information obtained directly from people and organisations, by letter or interview, by attending a lecture--or from unpublished material such as theses, diaries or other personal or business records should be acknowledged. Usually, this is only done in-text--please carefully read the notes at Unpublished documents and Personal communications first. Only include a reference in your bibliography or reference list if the source of information is a document or other record which is available for other people to consult. Ask your teacher if they will permit you to use unpublished sources and, if so, what types they will permit.

When acknowledging unpublished materials, enclose titles in single quotation marks rather than italicising them.

1. Unpublished documents: theses, personal papers, dairies etc.

Use the guidelines from Leaflets, flyers, booklets, pamphlets, newsletters etc. to build your reference list entries for these sources of information.

e.g. 1: unpublished thesis

 Sobieralski, C 1995, 'Development of a dangerous goods compliance model for the photographic manufacturing industry', MEng thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne.

e.g. 2: collection of personal papers

 Syme Family 1854-1947, Personal and business papers, LaTrobe Collection, State Library of Victoria.

2. Interviews, conversations, telephone calls, personal letters, lectures/speeches

If you have obtained information directly from a person or organisation through a personal letter; formal interview, informal conversation or telephone call; or by attending a lecture/speech, this should be acknowledged in an in-text reference. This type of source is usually not referred to again in a reference list, except when the essay or report is based mainly on such sources, in which case it is appropriate to list them. Check with your teacher first before you do this.

Note that the format is given before the name of the person (or organisation) for these references. Also note that initials precede surname/family name.
It is useful to include some information indicating the significance of the person to the subject of your work in the reference.

Formal interviews, conversations and informal discussions are all given the format of Interview. Lectures, speeches and addresses are all given the format of Lecture. A telephone call is given the format of Telephone Call.

e.g. 1: interview Interview with F O'Donnell, Swinburne University of Technology Liasion Librarian Manager, 16 October 2009.
e.g. 2: lecture to public or class Lecture on electronic funds transfer systems for HIT2999 Information & Banking, by J Smith, School of Business, Swinburne University of Technology, 8 September 2003.
e.g. 3: personal letter Personal letter from T Tucceri, ANGFA Victoria secretary, 31 January 2009.


Items in a foreign language (non-English)

When using items written in another language, the capitalisation conventions of that language should be followed. An English translation should be given in parentheses immediately after the original title.

e.g.

 Klein, G 1986, La politica linguistica del fascismo (The language policy of fascism), Il Mulino, Bologna.

When using items that are written in a script other than Roman (eg. Chinese/Japanese, Cyrillic, Arabic, Sanskrit etc.), you must apply the following steps:
  1. Identify what sort of item it is and see what information you need to provide in order to reference it properly;
  2. Translate what you can of the bibliographic details into English;
  3. Arrange the bibliographic details in the correct order;
  4. Add a statement in parentheses about what language the item is originally written in.

e.g.

 Yang, X 1999, The comedy of Lao Fu Ye (in Chinese), Da Zhong Press, Beijing.

When using items that have already been translated from another language into English, then a statement needs to be included after the title about what language the item was translated from and who the translator was.
The translator's name is given in full (if possible) and initials/first name(s) precede surname/family name:

e.g.

 Xingjian, G 2000, Soul mountain, translated from the Chinese by Mabel Lee, HarperCollins, Sydney.
Back to Top

 

Online resources

Many of the same guidelines used for creating reference list entries for Books and for Periodicals are also used when creating reference list entries for electronic resources (like an article from a database or information from a webpage).

Some databases may provide examples of their information formatted into reference list entries of styles different to Harvard Style: Vancouver Style, APA Style, etc. You may wish to use those acknowledging examples from the databases, but you must reformat them into Swinburne University's Harvard Style (using this document you are reading now).

Acknowledging resources found on the World Wide Web can be difficult. Often, there may not be enough details available to make a reference list entry that will clearly identify the information at a later stage. If that is the case with a particular page on a website, then you are permitted to locate and use identifying details from the homepage or 'About' page of the website to determine authorship of a webpage or website.

NB: Book chapters and periodical articles accessed in Subject Materials Online through the Library website are not treated using these Online Resources guidelines, but by using the Books and Periodicals guidelines from earlier.


Dates for online resources

Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.

If there is a publication date which is clearly identifiable, use that date--for example, the date of an issue of a periodical.

Look at the online citation carefully and be prepared to re-arrange dates to suit the Swinburne University Harvard Style guidelines.

Be careful not confuse the date of publication with the date you first viewed an information source.


Articles in online databases

If you use an article from an online database (especially those that the Library makes available to you), you must state clearly which database it came from. You have used a version of the article that the publisher has supplied to the database. There may be variations between versions of the same article--for example, articles in different editions of the same newspaper may have different text or even different titles--therefore you must always give full details of the version of the article you have used.

Sometimes it is hard to work out what the name of a database is. Look at the online citation carefully. It is possible to confuse the name of the database with the name of the online service provider. As an example, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre is the name of a database and EBSCOhost is the name of its online service provider. If you need any help clarifying which is which, please contact the Library.

Remember from earlier, maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals. This means that each major word in the title of a periodical has a capital letter. For all other titles, capitalisation is minimal.

Include this information, if applicable

    1. Author(s)--if given.
    2. Year of publication.
    3. Title of article--enclose title in single quotation marks.
    4. Title of periodical.
    5. Volume and/or issue number.
    6. Day and month or season--if Volume and/or issue number are not provided, or if needed to help precisely identify an article.
    7. Page number/s, if they are included. NB this is not an estimate of how many printed pages would result from printing the article, but the page numbers given in the database.
    8. Title of the database and also the name of the online service provider, if applicable.
    9. Date that you first viewed the online resource (day, month and year)--precede the date with the word 'viewed'.

  1. Article with an author

    e.g. 1

    		 Filippidis, L, Galea, ER, Gwynne, S & Lawrence, PJ 2006, 'Representing the influence of signage on evacuation behavior within an evacuation model', Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 37-73, General OneFile, Gale, viewed 19 October 2009.

    e.g. 2

    		 Newell, F 2008, 'The healthy multicultural school canteen: a site for adult learning', Fine Print, vol. 31, no. 3, pp.12-16, A+ Education, Informit, viewed 26 October 2009.

  2. Article without an author

    e.g. 1

    		 'You're in for a rollicking ride with Bruno' 2009, Coffs Coast Advocate, 2 July, Factiva, viewed 26 October 2009.

    e.g. 2

    		 'The ideal Windows 7 PC' 2009, APC, vol. 29, no. 7, pp.70-71, Computers & Applied Sciences Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 October 2009.

  3. Conference paper

    e.g.

    		 Foo, JJ, Zobel, J, Sinha, R & Tahaghoghi, SMM 2007, 'Detection of near-duplicate images for web search', Proceedings of the 6th ACM international conference on image and video retrieval, July 9-11, pp. 557-564, ACM Digital Library, ACM Portal, viewed 26 May 2008.

  4. TVNews file

    TVNews is a database of digitised video content in a compressed format provided by Informit.

    You should follow the guidelines from Radio and television broadcasts and then add title of database; name of the online service provider and the date you first viewed it.

    e.g.

    		 Italian cyclist Danilo de Luca has been cleared of doping charges by the Italian Olympic Committee 2008 [television program], World News Australia, SBS Television, 17 April, TVNews, Informit, viewed 8 July 2008.

    If the title of an item is long and also exactly the same as its abstract, then go to Radio and television broadcasts and follow it's guideline a. and see how it's example 2 has been created--supply your own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets and then italicise it.

    e.g.

    		 [Unity Speech: Hillary Clinton at the Democratic National Convention] 2008 [television program], Lateline, ABC Television, 27 August, TVNews, Informit, viewed 30 September 2008.


    Reports from online databases

    Include this information, if applicable:

    1. Author(s), editor(s), compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the report.
    2. Date the report was created.
    3. Title of the report.
    4. Name of the database.
    5. Identifying number of the report within the database.
    6. Date viewed.

      e.g. IBISWorld Australia 2008, Takeaway food retailing in Australia, 21 February, IBISWorld, G5125, viewed 26 May 2008.


    Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries

    Remember from earlier: if there is no author, use the title of the encyclopedia entry or article first.

    e.g. 1

    		 'drought' 2008, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, viewed 27 May 2008.

     

    e.g. 2

    		 'Hijab' 2003, Oxford dictionary of Islam, Oxford Reference Online, viewed 27 May 2008.


Ebooks

Applies to ebooks used through the Swinburne Library's ebook collections: Books 24x7, CRCnetBASE, Digital Engineering Library, EBL EBook Library, Knovel, netLibrary, Oxford Scholarship Online, PsychBooks (EBSCO), SAFARI Tech Books Online and Wiley InterScience Books.

Use the guidelines from Books but instead of Place of Publication put the name of the ebook collection it comes from and the date that you first viewed the ebook.

For ebooks found directly on the World Wide Web, please use the guidelines from Webpages.

e.g. 1: Book with three authors

 Radebaugh, LH, Gray, SJ & Black, EL 2006, International accounting and multinational enterprises, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Books 24x7, viewed 26 October 2009.

e.g. 2: Chapter from a book with more than one editor

 Templeton, S 2004, 'Pressure ulcers and leg ulcers' in S Carmody & S Forster (eds) 2004, Aged care nursing: a guide to practice, Ausmed, EBL EBook Library, viewed 26 October 2009.


Tables, graphs and images from an ebook or periodical in an online database

Please also see Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical.

e.g.

 'Figure 23.1 Raw materials and their processing for ethanol production' [image] in Rudolf, A, Karhumaa, K & Hahn-Hagerdal, B (2009) 'Ethanol production from traditional and emerging raw materials' in T Satyanarayana & G Kunze (eds) 2009, Yeast biotechnology: diversity and applications, Springer, EBL EBook library, p. 490, viewed 26 October 2009.

Webpages

Webpages can sometimes be very difficult to prepare an in-text reference or reference list entry for. This is because webpages can vary greatly in the amount of bibliographic details available. Remember that Harvard Style is concerned with attributing primarily by author/s and date. Therefore, you are permitted to move around a website to try to determine authorship - look for links to "About me" or "Contact us" or something similar. If no author can be clearly identified, then use the title of the webpage as a substitute. Please read guideline a. below carefully first.

It is recommended by a number of educational groups that you should print out, in full, any webpage you wish to use in your assignment.

Include as many of the following pieces of information, if applicable:

  1. Author(s), editor(s), compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the site--if given. If there is no author that can be clearly identified, do not use the name of the Copyright holder or host or sponsor, as they can be a completely unrelated entity. If there is no author, use the title in italics.
  2. Year the document was created or the year of the most recent revision, modification or update. You may use the Copyright date of a webpage if there is no date of creation, modification or update. If the Copyright date is a range of dates (e.g. 2004-2008), you should use the latest date.
    e.g. Skills for Learning 2009, Quote, unquote: a guide to Harvard referencing, Leeds Metropolitan University, viewed 2 November 2009, <http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote_Unquote.pdf>
  3. Title of document (if author/s have been given). The page title is usually shown at or near the top of the page. On the extremely rare occasion when a title cannot be identified at all, use the URL.
  4. Name of the group hosting the webpage on their website or name of sponsor of the webpage. Remember--do not confuse a group hosting or sponsoring a webpage as also being the author--see guideline a. above.
  5. Date that you first viewed the webpage (day, month and year)--precede the date with the word 'viewed'.
  6. URL. The URL (website address) should be enclosed in angle brackets < > . The URLs should not be in blue colour and underlined--in other words, the URLs should not be live hyperlinks to webpages. If necessary, deactivate those links using your word processing software (eg. In Microsoft Word, place the cursor on the URL, click to open the menu and execute the command, 'Remove hyperlink').

Podcasts are documents available for download on the Web, so follow the examples below for podcasts. You must try to add the day and month the podcast was recorded, if possible.

Page numbers on the Web

You can list pagination (page number) details for a section of text from a scanned document on the Web (eg. for a PDF file or a Word document available for download from a webpage), but you should not list pagination details for in-text references from standard webpages. Although a normal webpage may be several pages long when printed out onto paper, strictly speaking the document is only one page long.

Dates for webpages

Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.

If there is a publication date which is clearly identifiable, use that date--for example, the date of an issue of a periodical.

If there isn't a clear publication date, but you can see when the page was last updated (for example, 'Last updated on …'), then use that date.

If there isn't a clear publication date, but you can see a copyright date (for example, "© 2001", "(C) 2007" or "Copyright 2009"), then use that date.

Be careful not to confuse the date of publication with the date you first viewed an information source.

  1. Web document with an author

    e.g. 1: normal webpage

    		 Baldwin, HB 2006, How to become a CSI, International Crime Scene Investigators Association, viewed 27 May 2008, <http://www.icsia.org/faq.html>.

    e.g. 2: PDF document downloadable from a webpage

    		 Cheney, P, Gould, J, & McCaw, L 2001, The Deadman Zone: a neglected area of firefighter safety, CSIRO, viewed 27 May 2008, <http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p1ih.pdf>.

    e.g. 3: podcast

    		 Armstrong, K 2007, What is a sacred text?, The British Library, 4 June, viewed 30 May 2008,
    <http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/whatson/downloads/files/KarenArmstrong.mp3>.

    e.g. 4: article from a
    news website

    		 Lake, C 2008, 'Video game addicts are not just 'shy nerds' ', NEWS.com.au, News Limited, 5 June, viewed 19 June 2008, <http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,23814312-5014117,00.html>.

  2. Web document without an author

    Use the title of the work (in italics), then the date (not italicised).

    e.g. webpage with no author and no date

    		 The history of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph n.d., Library of Congress, viewed 3 November 2008, <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html>.

  3. Webpage of a company or organisation

    e.g. 1: webpage of an organisation within Swinburne

    		 Swinburne Aviation 2008, Links, Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 27 May 2008, <http://www.swin.edu.au/aviation/links.htm>.
    e.g. 2: webpage of an Australian company Company history c. 2009, Wesfarmers Limited, viewed 2 November 2009, <http://www.wesfarmers.com.au/about-us/company-history.html>.

  4. Australian Standards online

    e.g.

    		 Standards Australia 2008, Air navigation--cables and their supporting structures--marking and safety requirements--marking of overhead cables for planned low-level flying operations, AS3891.2-2008, SAI Global Limited, viewed 27 May 2008.

  5. Patents from open access (no SIMS login required) online resources

    e.g.

    		 Watanabe, H, Ooyama T, Soma, M & Ogisu K 2008, Cathode active material, its manufacturing method, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, US Patent 2008131778, 5 June, viewed 20 June 2008, <http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2008131778&F=0>.

    Please also see the related Subject Starter Guide, Patents.


  6. Australian Bureau of Statistics webpages

    7. Use ABS as the host/sponsor details.

    e.g. 1 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007,Older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: a snapshot, 2004-05, cat. no. 4722.0.55.002, ABS, viewed 27 May 2008, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4722.0.55.002?OpenDocument>.
    e.g. 2 Linacre, S 2007, Australian social trends 2007: participation in sports and physical recreation, ABS, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 27 May 2008, <http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/1CE05AE897BAD438CA25732F001CA62F/$File/41020_Participation%20in%20sports%20and%20physical%20recreation_2007.pdf>.

  7. Acts of Parliament, Legislative Instruments etc. from webpages/websites

    8. e.g. Civil Aviation Order 20.9--Air service operations--Precautions in refuelling, engine & ground radar operations 2006 (Cwlth), Commonwealth of Australia Law--Federal Register of Legislative Instruments, viewed 31 March 2009, <http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrumentCompilation1.nsf/0/A9566099034A5B97CA25710900043CC9?OpenDocument>.

  8. Discussion lists & discussion boards

    After the title of the post, put the subject code and subject title in italics. Then put a clarification of what this is (eg. discussion board post); the name of the sponsor or provider of the discussion board and lastly the day and month of the individual posting.
    For discussion boards that are part of subjects taught at Swinburne and accessed through Blackboard, you do not have to provide the URL.
    If there is no proper name given for the author, you may use their username instead.

    If an author has made more than one posting on the same day, then also add the time of the posting after the date of the posting. Remember to apply the guidelines for multiple items by one author--please also see More than one work by the same author.

    e.g. 1: Discussion board in Blackboard for a subject taught at Swinburne

    		 Pavlovski, N 2008, 'Hi and welcome to the library', LPW700 The writerly self, discussion board post, Swinburne University of Technology, 2 March, viewed 4 April 2008.

    e.g. 2: Discussion board for a hobby website, involving multiple posts on the same day by the author, where the author only has a username

    		 kalima117 2006, 'Need help with Betta...greenish gray stuff on him!', AC Tropical Fish aquarium forum, discussion board post, AC Tropical Fish, 20 June, 1:43 am, viewed 29 May 2008, <http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/aquariumforum/showthread.php?t=1012>.

  9. Lectopia recordings

    The first example is for Lectopia recordings of lectures and presentations. The second is for TV recordings made using Lectopia.
    You do not have to provide the URL, as this is a special Swinburne service. However, you must try to provide a date the recording was made, if possible.
    Please also see Radio and television broadcasts.

    e.g. 1

    		 Patterson, J 2007, Sheep heart dissection [Lectopia recording], Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 1 April 2008.

    e.g. 2

    		 In the mix [Lectopia recording] 2008, Downunder Grads, SBS Television, 5 March, viewed 7 March 2008.

  10. Learning material in Blackboard

    Use this when you wish to acknowledge lecture notes/lecture slides that your teachers have made available through Blackboard.
    Check first with your teacher that you are permitted to use these in your assignment!

    The bibliographic details are:
    1. Lecturer's name.
    2. Year.
    3. Title of the lecture, enclosed in single quotation marks.
    4. Course number and title, in italics.
    5. Statement of location online: use Learning materials on Blackboard.
    6. Statement of education institution: use Swinburne University of Technology.
    7. Date the lecture was given.
    8. Date you first accessed the Learning materials through Blackboard.

    e.g.

    		 Veeken, P 2009, 'Lecture 2: The business analyst', HIT7462 Contemporary issues in business analysis, Learning materials on Blackboard, Swinburne University of Technology, 17 August, viewed 1 September 2009.

  11. Blogs and Twitter

    If there is no proper name given for the author, you may use their username instead.
    After the title of the blog, also put the day and month of the individual post. If an author posts multiple entries on one day and you wish to use two or more entries from that date, also put the time the entry was posted after the date.

    e.g. 1: Blog with proper author name

    		 Lemon, A 2005, 'Stardust Circus big top', The circus diaries, 25 July, viewed 27 May 2008,
    <http://thecircusdiaries.blogspot.com/2005/07/stardust-circus-big-top.html>.

    e.g. 2: blog with username only

    		 Wilhelm2451 2008, 'Age of Conan: Hystarian adventures', The ancient gaming noob, 22 May, viewed 28 May 2008, <http://tagn.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/age-of-conan-hystarian-adventures/>.
    e.g 3: Twitter Fry, S 2009, Stephen Fry on Twitter, 19 August, 11:46 AM, viewed 21 September 2009, <http://twitter.com/stephenfry/status/3410508772>.

  12. Wikis

    e.g. 1

    		 'Satellites' 2008, Amateur Radio Wiki, viewed 4 August 2008, <http://www.amateur-radio-wiki.net/index.php?title=Satellites>.

    e.g. 2: Wikipedia entry

    		 'Australian air traffic control' 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 2 April 2009, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Air_Traffic_Control>.

  13. YouTube
If there is no proper name given for the author, you may use their username instead.
After the title of the YouTube video, also put the day and month the video was added.

e.g.

 zthechainz 2007, World architecture, 2 February, viewed 28 May 2008, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__tX49-_8uQ>.


Email & SMS text messages

An email and/or SMS text message should be acknowledged in an in-text reference. Please first see Personal communications in the In-text references section.
This type of source is usually not referred to again in a reference list, except when the essay or report is based mainly on such sources, in which case it is appropriate to list them. Check with your teacher first before you do this.

In order to prove to a teacher that an email or SMS text message exists, you must make printouts of them. The printout should then be verified by a witness. Finally, the printout(s) should be attached as an appendix at the end of the assignment.

You should never acknowledge an email address without the permission of the owner of the address.
Include the complete date and also the time if you wish to use more than one email or text message received on the same day.

  1. Email with permission to acknowledge the email address

e.g.

 Wallis, R 2009, email, 24 April, rwallis@swin.edu.au.
  1. Email without permission to acknowledge the email address
e.g. Wallis, R 2009, personal email, 24 April.
  1. SMS text messages
e.g. Jackson, J 2008, SMS text message, 1 January, 9.43 pm.

Other online resources

Need more help on how to acknowledge an online resource? The following book is available from the Swinburne Library collection:

Neville, C 2007, The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, Maidenhead.


A collection of resources on how to acknowledge references is available online at:

http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm

The librarians at our campus libraries will also be pleased to help you with examples not covered here. If you aren't able to visit the Library you can email your question to: library@swin.edu.au

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Bibliographic software (EndNote)

What is Bibliographic software?

Bibliographic software allows you to organise your references and create bibliographies in hundreds of citation styles, including the Swinburne Harvard Style.

Which version of the software should I use?

EndNote Web is recommended for Swinburne Undergraduate, Postgraduate by Coursework and Swinburne students involved in group work.
EndNote Desktop software is only available for Swinburne Honours, Masters by Research, Doctoral students and Swinburne staff.

For a comparison of EndNote Web and EndNote x2 Desktop software, please refer to the EndNote website: http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/bibsoft/

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Layout of quotations

It is not the purpose of this guide to discuss text layout, whether or not to underline section headings, choice of font, size of margins, etc.

For those seeking clarification about how to indicate use of information quoted from a source in the text of your assignment, the Library offers the following two suggestions:

1. A quotation that is no longer than one sentence long can be directly inserted into the text and enclosed in double quotation marks.

e.g. The importance of effective nursing intervention cannot be underestimated. "This allows the patient, the patient's family and the care team to work together and increase the chances of a speedier recovery" (Li 2007, p. 11). In turn, this also leads to...

2. A quotation that is longer than one sentence long should commence on a new line and be indented. It does not need to be enclosed in double quotation marks.

e.g. A quotation in the middle of a paragraph:

 

Ingenuity in hobbies is part of the pleasure of the hobby itself--discovering ways to produce the desired results and, as a by-product, save money in the process by not needing to take work to a professional. For example, one hobbyist illustrates this well when he states:

I was able to pick up two plastic toy elephants for a couple of dollars each which looked like they would suit the scale. If the elephant was a little on the large size it wouldn't matter as it was a behemoth after all! I picked one for my zombie elephant and then took to it with my scalpel blade, cutting out bits of its body where I wanted to expose the inner organs. I cut away joint areas where the bone would have broken through the rotting flesh (Hughes 2009, p. 3).

Some hobbyists will rely heavily on commercial products for a number of factors but still display far more willingness to ask and learn from more experienced hobbyists that have created some result or effect the less-experienced hobbyist aspires to or wishes to reproduce...
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Further reading

There are many style manuals and guides to writing papers and reports. A few of the most useful ones are listed below; some of them and also many others may be found at Swinburne Library on the shelves around numbers 808 (writing style and technique), and 371.302 (study guides).

Hacker, D 2008, A pocket style manual, 5th edn, Bedford/St. Martin's, Boston.

Neville, C 2007, The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, Maidenhead.

Skills for Learning 2009, Quote, unquote: a guide to Harvard referencing, Leeds Metropolitan University, viewed 2 November 2009, <http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote_Unquote.pdf>.

Snooks & Co. 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.

Szuchman, LT 2008, Writing with style : APA style made easy, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif.

A collection of resources on how to acknowledge references is available online at:
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm

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Standard abbreviations used in information source acknowlegement

List of abbreviations commonly used in in-text references and reference lists/bibliographies:

& = ampersand, which means 'and'
app. = appendix
dir. = director, directed by
ed., eds = editor, editors
edn = edition (note: some systems use ed. for edition)
et al. = and others
NB = take careful note
n.d. = no date
no., nos = number, numbers
p., pp. = page, pages
prod. = produced by, producer
rev. = revised
rpt. = reprint, reprinted by
vol., vols = volume, volumes

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More examples of in-text references and reference list/bibliography entries

The Swinburne Harvard Style guide booklet

Harvard Style guide: in-text references, reference lists and bibliographies 2010, Swinburne University of Technology, booklet.
Please see the section Leaflets, flyers, booklets, pamphlets, newsletters etc., above.

The Swinburne Harvard Style guide on the Swinburne Library website (the same website you are looking at right now), where it is called "Harvard Style guide: a Swinburne University of Technology Library guide to in-text references, reference lists and bibliographies"

Pavlovski, N 2010, Harvard Style guide: a Swinburne University of Technology Library guide to in-text references, reference lists and bibliographies, Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 02 March 2010, <http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_style.html>.


Labels and wall text in galleries and museums

The following information should given, in this order:

  1. Author/s. If none are easily identifiable, use the Name of Gallery/Museum instead.
  2. Year when the label/text was viewed.
  3. Label/text number (if any).
  4. Name of the exhibition and (if possible) dates of exhibition.
  5. Name of the artist/s (if possible).
  6. Name of the artwork or label heading or wall text heading--in italics.
  7. Format--either label or wall text, enclosed in square brackets [ ].
  8. Day and month when label/text viewed.
  9. Name of Gallery/Museum.
  10. Location of Gallery/Museum.

In-text: (Maharana Sangram Singh II attending the feeding of crocodiles at Jagmandir 2009).
Reference list entry: NGV International 2009, The cricket and the dragon: animals in Asian art 17 October 2008--15 March 2009, Maharana Sangram Singh II attending the feeding of crocodiles at Jagmandir [label], 3 January, NGV International, Melbourne.

A Google Book

In-text: "...a large number of heads were added to Yoshiie's collection" (Turnbull 1996, p. 25).
Reference list entry: Turnbull, SR 1996, The Samurai: a military history, Google Books, viewed 6 October 2009, <http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RMBdoimD2kIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

arXiv and other eprint repositories

The following information should given, in this order:

  1. Author/s.
  2. Year of publication.
  3. Title of eprint. Titles should be italicised and use minimal capitalisation.
  4. Unique eprint identifier. These vary between the different repositories. An example of one from arXiv is arXiv:1001.0785v1 [hep-th].
  5. Name of the repository. This is performing the same function as d. in Webpages above: Name of the group hosting the webpage on their website or name of sponsor of the webpage.
  6. Date that you first viewed the eprint (day, month and year)--precede the date with the word 'viewed'.
  7. URL of the eprint. The URL should be enclosed in angle brackets and should not be in blue colour or underlined.

eg. Verlinde, EP 2010, On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton, arXiv:1001.0785v1 [hep-th], arXiv, viewed 27 January 2010, <http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.0785>.

More than 26 works published by the same author in the same year

If you wish to use more than 26 sources of information written by the same author in the same year, do not use lower-case letters to distinguish between them in-text. Instead, provide author and year and also the title in the in-text reference, the title being enclosed in its own set of parentheses.

eg. 1: ...providing ample evidence about customer choice for this segment of the market (Passport GMID 2009 (Hair Care--Australia)).
eg. 2, quotation: "The trend towards natural ingredients and fewer chemicals in hair care products is likely to become more pronounced over the forecast period, and companies launching natural and organic products are expected to enjoy a healthy performance" (Passport GMID 2009 (Hair Care--Australia), p.4 ).

The reference list/bibliography entries for all those works published in the same year should be arranged alphabetically by their title.

Software and videogames

The following information should given, in this order:

  1. Author(s)--either person(s) or organisation(s). If created by a small number of individuals that can be clearly identified, then they can be listed. In most cases a team is involved (with too many individuals to list), so the guidelines for Organisations as Authors apply.
  2. Year of publication in Australia or the distribution region that includes Australia.
  3. Title--plus the subtitle, if there is one. Place a colon between the title and subtitle. Version should also be included if not the first.
  4. Type - use [computer program] for any software, apps or videogames. This is not italicised.
  5. Name of Australian or regional distributor. Note that Authoring Organisation and Distributing Organisation may be two different entities.
  6. Place of production, if listed (country name where software was purchased is sufficient if a region is listed).

eg. 1: desktop software with no listed place of production

 Macromedia 2004, Dreamweaver MX: 2004 education version [computer program], Macromedia.

e.g. 2: videogame

 FASA Studio 2004, Crimson skies: high road to revenge [computer program], Microsoft, Australia.

Personal communications: personal letters

Remember from Personal communications, earlier: personal communications usually do not appear in a reference list unless your assignment is based mainly on information collected from personal communications. Personal communications are usually acknowledged in-text only and must state what format the communication was. The day and month of the communication may also be necessary. Note carefully that initials precede the surname/family name.

eg. 1: In a personal letter dated 29 May 1986, AD Francis wrote that the bus…
eg. 2 : The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis 1986, personal letter, 29 May).

Articles from open access (no SIMS login required) online resources

This is used for journals published on websites that don't require you to log in or enter a password to access the full text. Some online journals, when accessed through Search the Library, will give you multiple choices to browse the journal. For example, the Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law (ISSN 1053-6736) is available through the Directory of Open Access Journals (a free, open access website) and also Academic OneFile (a login-restricted commercial database that Swinburne University of Technology has access to). If using the Directory of Open Access Journals version of this journal, then use the guidelines below. If you use the Academic OneFile version, then use the guidelines from Articles in online databases, above.

Include the same information as for Articles in online databases, leave out the database name & sponsor but add the URL at the end.

e.g.

 Rauh, MJ, Macera, CA, Ji, M & Wiksten, ML 2007, 'Subsequent injury patterns in girls' high school sports', Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 486-494, viewed 26 May 2008, <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2140074>.

Slides - from film camera

e.g.

 Birnstihl, H 1980, Emotions [slide], Northside Productions, North Melbourne.

A photograph from a webpage

'Flash Mob Dance' [image] in Flash Mob Dance 2010, That's Melbourne, viewed 12 January 2010, <http://thatsmelbourne.com.au/WHATSON/SFITC/Pages/FlashMob.aspx>.

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Need help?

Ask in person at the Service Desk at any campus library for help.

From outside the library you can ask for help:

By e-mail : library@swin.edu.au

By phone on 03 9214 8330

Or by SMS : 0427 841 787

Last updated by Nick Pavlovski (npavlovski@swin.edu.au), 13 May 2010.

 

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