Knowing how to reference is an essential skill for all students and researchers as it demonstrates academic integrity. You can use referencing to strengthen your arguments and assertions, demonstrate that you have used credible sources, avoid plagiarism by acknowledging your information sources, and make details of source books and articles easily available to interested readers.
The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style has two parts:
• in-text citations that appear in the body of your work
• a reference list that appears at the end.
Always check with your lecturer that this is the citation style required for your unit.
APA 7th Edition
The latest version of the APA referencing style is the 7th edition. We’ve compiled some handy resources to help you with this referencing style:
• Find out more about inserting in-text citations.
• Find out more about creating reference lists.
• Need more help? Try the APA Style blog.
APA 7th Edition reference guide for journal articles, books and edited book chapters
Download a printable PDF with instructions on how to cite three different resource types in American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition style.
APA 7th edition common reference examples guide
Download a printable PDF with examples of the 30 most common reference types formatted in American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition style.
APA 7th Edition Style Guide
Act
Short title of the legislation (in italics), year (in italics), jurisdiction (abbreviated), subdivision number (if relevant). Specify the jurisdiction in the first citation but it is not required in subsequent citations.
For example:
In the Victorian mental health system advance statements can be made to document an individual’s treatment preferences in the event they become a patient (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 28).
Reference list
Short title of the act (in italics), year (in italics), jurisdiction (abbreviated), URL (if retrieved from a website)
For example:
Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic)
Bill
Bills are treated as unpublished works and the title is not italicised.
In-text citation
Short title of the bill, year, jurisdiction (abbreviated), subdivision number (if relevant)
For example:
As outlined in the Liability for Climate Change Commonwealth Bill (2020, s. 15).
Reference list
Short title of the bill, year, jurisdiction (abbreviated), subdivision number (if relevant), URL (if retrieved from a website)
For example:
Liability for Climate Change Bill 2020 (Cth). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020B00019
Legal Case
Law reports can be organised by volume number or by year. Round brackets enclose the year of reports organised by volume numbers. Square brackets enclose the year of reports organised by year. Check the source you used to ensure your brackets match.
In-text citation
Title of the case (in italics), year (in brackets). Specify the year in the first citation but it is not required in subsequent citations.
For example:
Furthermore, in the case of Breen v Williams (1995), this was disputed.
Reference list
Title of the case (in italics), year (in brackets), volume number, law report abbreviation, URL (if retrieved from a website)
For example:
Breen v Williams (1999) 186 CLR
Image reproduces in a document
Please note:
1. Authors intending to publish their work (including theses) must, before publication, obtain permission from the copyright owner or comply with any stated licensing conditions (such as a Creative Commons license).
2. Students using images in assignments submitted as part of their course do not need to ask permission from the copyright owner under Fair Dealing for Research or Study in Australian copyright law. However, “fair dealing” does not apply if the images are made available to anyone outside the course of study. This includes sharing your work (if the images are included) online or with potential employers. Otherwise you will need to obtain the copyright owner’s permission or omit the images.
For example:
Figure 1 shows the highly ornate…
Figure 1
Springthorpe Memorial

Note. From Cemetery Architecture of Australia by D. Eade, 2020, p.18. Copyright by Art Architecture Books.
This is an example of how to reference an image when permission to reproduce it has been obtained from the copyright holder.
For example:
The ceiling of the Springthorpe Memorial, as seen in Figure 2, provides a colourful contrast to the sober, neoclassical elements of the building.
Figure 2
Stained glass ceiling, Springthorpe Memorial

Note. Reprinted from “Stained Glass Ceilings in Australian Architecture,” by A. B. Light, 2018, (http://ahas.org.au/stainedglassceilings_image1).
Copyright 2020 by Australian Historic Architecture Society.
Reprinted with permission
Image not reproduced in your work
In-text citation
Images of Cathy Freeman’s distinctive, green and gold, running suit (Munday 2000), worn at the Sydney Olympics in 2000…
Reference list
Munday, S. (2000). [Photograph of Cathy Freeman at the Olympic Games Sydney 2000]. International Olympic Committee. https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Images/OlympicOrg/News/2018/08/15/2018-08-15-Freeman-thumbnail.jpg
For further examples, or check out APA’s webpage, Audiovisual media.
Swinburne Design students
For example:
As demonstrated in Figure 1, cemetery architecture at that time…

Figure 1. Syme Memorial. Reprinted from “Edwardian Melbourne and Cemetery Architecture,” by J. J. Lintel, A. Corbel, and P. T. Rafter, 2019, Cemetery Art and Architecture, 20(1), p.5 (https://doi.org/10.1030/yho0000359). Copyright 2019 by Doodle, Quiff & Co.
APA 6th Edition
Do you need to use the APA 6th edition instead? We’ve compiled a handy downloadable PDF.
Download the APA quick guide [157KB]
Download a printable PDF with examples.
Watch the video: APA referencing style
Examples
Single book
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Fetherston (2007, p. 61) claims that teachers “suggest ways of looking at the new material” (p. 61).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be included if summarising an idea from a particular page.
Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston, 2007).
Reference list entry
You may need to double-space your reference list as APA style requires double spacing with a hanging indent.
In APA 6th Ed, locations in the US are formed as City, state abbreviation e.g. New York, NY. Locations outside the US are City, Country e.g. London, England. See section 6.30 of the APA Style Guide for further information.
Fetherston, T. (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson
Learning.
A particular edition of a book
No modification to the in-text citations for either direct quotes or paraphrasing is necessary to specify a particular edition.
Reference list entry
Add the edition to the reference list entry.
Biggs, J. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does (2nd ed.).
Buckingham, England: Society for Research in Higher Education & Open University
Press.
Book whose author is an organisation
Direct Quote
“For 2011, both a 1% and 5% sample have been produced” (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011).
Paraphrasing
For 2011, both a 1% and 5% sample have been produced. The release…(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011).
Reference list entry
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census dictionary (No. 2901.0). Canberra, ACT:
Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Referencing a book with multiple authors
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Bohm and Chaudri (2000, p. 52) claim that Australia has a “reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training” (p. 52).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Australia’s higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudri, 2000).
Reference list entry
Bohm, A., & Chaudri, D. (2000). Securing Australia’s future: An analysis of the international
education markets in India. Sydney, Australia: IDP Education Australia.
Referencing a book with three to five authors
Cite all authors the first time. In subsequent citations use the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year.
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
First citation:
Bell, Bush, Nicholson, O’Brien, and Tran (2002, p. 27) found that universities “are embracing the concept”.
Subsequent citation/s:
Bell et al. (2002, p. 27) stated that “Australian universities have led the way”.
Alternatively:
“Australian universities have led the way” (Bell et al., 2002, p. 27).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Subsequent citation/s:
Bell et al. (2002)…or…(Bell et al., 2002)
First citation:
Australian universities are actively using online technology (Bell, Bush, Nicholson, O’Brien, & Tran, 2002).
Reference list entry
Bell, M., Bush, D., Nicholson, P., O’Brien, D., & Tran, T. (2002). Universities online: A survey of
online education and services in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Department of
Education, Science and Training.
Referencing a book with more than five authors
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the all citations.
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Louden et al. (2000, p. 27) concludes that the number of primary students “having difficulty with numeracy is somewhat lower than that of literacy”.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
The report concluded that difficulties with numeracy were less than difficulties with literacy for primary school students (Louden et al., 2000).
Reference list entry
Give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors. When authors number eight or more, include the first six author’ names, then insert 3 ellipsis points, and add the last author’s name.
Louden, W., Chan, L. K., Elkins, J., Greaves, D., House, H., Milton, M.,…Van Kraayenoord, C.
(2000). Mapping the territory: Primary students with learning difficulties: Literacy and
numeracy: Vol. 2. Analysis. Canberra, Australia: Department Education, Training and
Youth Affairs.
Referencing a book with no known author
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Higher education in Australia (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is “a major provider of international education and training services”.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia, 2004).
Reference list entry
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Fitzroy, Australia: Business/Higher Education
Round Table.
Multiple books with same author
Order the citations of two or more works within the same brackets in the same order in which they appear in the reference list. Place in-press citations last. Give the author’s surname/s once. Give only the date for each subsequent work.
Direct quotes are not possible when referencing multiple works by the same author.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
The lecturer’s understanding of teaching has an effect on the quality of student learning (Ramsden, 1992, 1994).
Reference list entry
Works by the same author are arranged by year of publication with the earliest year first.
Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London, England: Routledge.
Ramsden, P. (1994). Using research on student learning to enhance educational
quality.Nathan, Australia: Griffith Institute for Higher Education.
Multiple works by the same author with the same publication year
Identify works by the same author in the same year by the suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year.
Tiernan and Weller (2010, p. 299) state that “… “
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Feedback to students on their assessments contributes to the quality of their learning (Ramsden, 1998a, 1998b).
Reference list entry
References by the same author with the same publication year are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date.
Ramsden, P. (1998a). Learning to lead in higher education. London, England: Routledge.
Ramsden, P. (1998b). What makes a university effective? Nathan, Australia: Griffith University.
Chapter from an edited book
Direct quote
To quote directly from a source, use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text. Direct quotations must be accurate. If the quotation is less than 40 words, incorporate it into the text with the quotation in double quotation marks.
Thompson, 2008, p. 52
Paraphrasing
Thompson discusses the interest among educators and students alike that have a growing interest in virtual education. He says that there is a growing…..school. (Thompson, 2008 p. 165)
Reference list entry
Thomson, S. (2008). Teaching in a virtual setting. In L. Bell & R.B. Trueman (Eds.), Virtual worlds,
real libraries: Librarians and educators in Second Life and other multi-user virtual
environments (pp. 165-172). Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Secondary source in a book
Use secondary sources only when you cannot obtain the primary source of information.
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Gardener (as cited in Biggs & Tang, 2007) states that if as a teacher you cover a wide range of topics “you are guaranteeing that most kids will not understand, because they haven’t had time enough to go into things in depth” (p. 82). (page numbers may be required).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
There is a delicate balance in teaching between depth of learning and breadth of learning, which means the greater the coverage of a topic the lesser the depth of understanding that may be achieved by students (Gardiner as cited in Biggs & Tang, 2007).
Reference list entryBiggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does
(3rd ed.). Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
Encyclopedia or dictionary
Page numbers must be included.
There seems to be a central belief that archaeology “can reveal the evidence of the whole human story from prehistoric to historical times” (Murray, 1991, p. xv).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
There is a general belief that mankind can derive much from examining and understanding human history through archaeology (Murray, 1991).
Reference list entry
Murray, T (ed.) 1991, Encyclopedia of archaeology: the great archaeologists, vols. 1-2, ABC-CLIO,
Santa Barbara, CA.
Pamphlet
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included. Instead of an author, include the title of the pamphlet in italics. For long titles, include only the first part.
Successful scanning of a barcode involves the symbol having “sufficient contrast, dark bars on light background” (Bar code information, 1996, p. 22).
Paraphrasing
The contrast between the barcode and its background is important as scanners utilise a red light in the scanning process (Bar code information, 1996).
Reference list entry
Bar code information for Commonwealth material. (1996). [Brochure] Canberra, Australia:
Australian Government Publishing Service.
Ebook
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included unless there are no page numbers, in which case use the chapter and section details (chapter is abbreviated as ‘ch.’).
Tanaka (2012, p. 19) notes this shift in law as being due to offshore exploration and drilling: “After World War II, however, coastal states increasingly extended their jurisdiction toward the high seas in order to control offshore resources”.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers must be included if available.
Tanaka (2012) asserts that coastal nations, wanting to obtain and secure offshore deposits of natural resources for their own use, expanded their jurisdictional reach into the high seas.
Reference list entryIf no digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned to the content, include the home page URL.
Tanaka, Y. (2012). The International Law of the Sea, Cambridge University Press. EBL Ebook
Library. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com
Article from a print journal
Referencing an article from a print journal
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Assignments that are done individually give the student “the opportunity to complete the assignment according to his or her preferred approach” (Leonard & LeBrasseur, 2008, p. 39).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
A lecturer sets an individual assignment in order to evaluate what the student has learned
and provide feedback, and the student has the flexibility to be able to choose
the resources they will use and the approach they will take towards the topic (Leonard
& LeBrasseur, 2008).
Reference list entry
The reference list may need to have double line spacing.
Leonard, V., & LeBrasseur, R. (2008). Individual assignments and academic dishonesty:Exploring the conundrum. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1), 37-56.
Article with no known author
Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article. Italicise the title of a periodical.
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
The Indigenous Open Learning Project provides content “customised for Indigenous Australian students covering a broad range of uses…” (“Open learning initiatives”, 2001, p. 26).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
The Indigenous Open Learning Project provides online learning specifically for indigenous students (“Open learning initiatives,” 2001).
Reference list entry
The reference list may need to have double line spacing.
Open learning initiatives to assist indigenous Australians in the higher education sector.
(2001). Learning for all: Opportunities for indigenous Australians,1, 26.
Secondary source in an article
Referencing a secondary source in an article from a print journal
Use secondary sources only when you cannot obtain the primary source of information.
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Marton (as cited in Fyrenius, Wirrel, & Silen, 2007) points to “understanding through commonalities and understanding through differences” (p. 151) as two variations in achieving understanding.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Research on Chinese learners has identified two different ways the students form in their mind the notion of understanding – comprehending similarities and and differences (Marton as cited in Fyrenius, Wirrel, & Silen, 2007).
Reference list entry
Fyrenius, A., Wirrell, S., & Silen, C. (2007). Student approaches to achieving understanding-
approaches to learning revisited. Studies in Higher Education, 32(2), 149-165.
Article from an online database
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
A student engaged at a higher level of learning is aware that “learning involves meaning and making connections…” (Buckridge & Guest, 2007, p. 136).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
When a student internalizes information in order to make connections with their prior learning this points to a qualitatively higher level of engagement (Buckridge & Guest, 2007).
Reference list entry
Include the digital object identifier (DOI) in the reference if one is assigned.
The order of the authors’ names is decided by the authors and should be preserved.
The volume number must be italicised, however the issue number and brackets should not eg. 52(16).
Buckridge, M., & Guest, R. (2007). A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased
diversity in university classrooms. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(2), 133
-146. doi:10.1080/07294360701310771
If no digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned to the content, include the home page URL.
Herington, C., & Weaven, S. (2008). Action research and reflection on student approaches to
learning in large first year university classes. Australian Educational Researcher, 35(3), 111-
134. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/aer/about.htm
Article from a web page
Direct quote
Cite all authors for the first citation.
Although many new university students are seen as technologically savvy “it is recognised that core technology based skills do not necessarily translate into sophisticated skills with other technologies or general information literacy” (Kennedy, Judd, Churchward, Gray, & Krause, 2008, p. 117).
Paraphrasing
Cite all authors for the first citation. The following is an example of a second or subsequent citation from the same work.
New university students are often viewed as being technologically savvy, however it has been found that many of the skills used with well known tools, eg. email and mobile phones, are not being adapted to more complex emerging technologies and/or more critical use of information (Kennedy et al., 2008).
Reference list entry
Kennedy, G., Judd, T., Churchward, A., Gray, K., & Krause, K. (2008). First year students’
experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives? Australasian Journal of
Educational Technology, 24(1), 108-122. Retrieved from
http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/kennedy.html
Newspaper article
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
The Bradley Review of higher education was generally accepted by Australian universities, however it was pointed out that there was a worrying “revival of the issue of teaching-only universities” (Healy, 2008, p.21).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Reaction to the Government review of higher education by Denise Bradley was mainly positive, however there was some concern over the contentious issue of research versus teaching universities (Healy, 2008).
Reference list entry
Healy, G. (2008, June 18). Bradley received a cautious thumbs up. The Australian, p. 21.
No known author
When the author is not known, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of a newspaper article.
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
The prevailing argument with regard to teacher’s remuneration is that “Other professions are rewarded according to performance; the same should apply to teaching” (“Apples for,” 2007, p. 14).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Much of the current debate on remuneration for teachers centres on the premise that higher performing teachers should be paid at the higher rate (“Apples for,” 2007).
Reference list entry
Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14.
Conference paper
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Monetary value is not the true value of a purchased item – Vargo and Lusch (cited in Graham, 2011, p. 145) “introduced the idea that value can only be created and acknowledged by the consumer in the act of consumption”.
Supply DOI where available, or URL (shorten URL) in the absence of DOI.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Another perspective is that of Vargo and Lusch (cited in Graham, 2011), who propose that it is the purchaser that gives a purchased item its value.
Reference list entry
Graham, G. (2011). Interaction space. Workshop proceedings of the 7th international conference
on intelligent environments. (pp.145-154). IOS Press, EBSCOhost eBook Collection.
Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/.
Image from a book
Direct quote
Direct quote
(Nauman 1966, p.380)
Paraphrasing
In the photograph “Self-portrait as a fountain” (Nauman 1966) the photographer…
Reference entry list
Nauman, B. (1966). Self-portrait as a fountain [photographer]. In Warner, M.W. (2010).
Photography a cultural history. (3rd ed.) London. Lawrence King.
Figure from a book
Direct quote
(Figure 17.43. Sizes of pub glassware p.17.26).
Paraphrasing
(Figure 17.43. Sizes of pub glassware)
Reference entry list
Figure 17.43. Sizes of pub glassware. In Littlefield D (Ed.). (2012) Metric handbook planning
and design data. (4th ed.). London. Routledge.
Image from the web
Direct quote
In the middle of the model we can see overlap is "learning as becoming a new person" (Learning in a community of practice, n.d.).
Paraphrasing
The model shows that when a student succeeds at learning within a disciplinary community ultimately they change their conception of the world and therefore change themselves (Learning in a community of practice, n.d.).
The date of retrieval may be required after the title, eg. Retrieved May 16, 2009, from...
Learning in a community of practice [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://daugherity.com/blogfiles/CoPVenn.jpg
Artwork from a gallery
Direct quote
Blue poles
(Pollock, 1952)
Paraphrasing
(Pollock, 1952)
Reference entry list
Pollock, J. (1952). Blue Poles. [painting]. Canberra. National Gallery of Australia
Image from a library database
Direct quote
Us n.d. if date cannot be found.
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, Frank Gehry
(Beir, P n.d.)
Paraphrasing
(Beir, P n.d.)
Reference list entry
Beir, P. (n.d.). Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, Frank Gehry. [Photograph]. Retrieved from
http://quest.ed.com
Web page or document
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Previous research has indicated that "the early experiences of students entering tertiary education are integral to the development of positive attitudes towards further study" (Hillman, 2005, p. 9).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Many students in their first year of tertiary study have issues with keeping a balance between work, study and relationships (Hillman, 2005).
Reference list entry
Date of retrieval may be required after title, eg. Retrieved May 16, 2009, from...
Hillman, K. (2005). The first year experience: The transition from secondary school to university
and TAFE in Australia. Retrieved from
http://www.acer.edu.au/documents/LSAY_lsay40.pdf
No author or author unknown
Direct quote
Page number must be included. If not available, indicate the paragraph number.
Knowles' theory of andragogy argues that "adults are self-directed learners, and expect to take responsibility for decisions" (Andragogy, 2008, para. 1).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Knowles' theory of andragogy proposes that adults want to take on more authority for their own learning (Andragogy, 2008).
Reference list entry
Date of retrieval may be required after the title, eg. Retrieved May 16, 2009, from...
Andragogy: Adult learning. (2008). Retrieved from
http://www.west.net/~ger/Orientation/andragogy.html
No date of publication
Direct quote
The theory of constructivism argues that "...learning is an active, constructive process" (Bruinsma & Berghuis, n.d., para. 3).
Paraphrasing
Constructivism as a theory argues that the learner builds their own interpretation of new knowledge by linking it to their prior knowledge (Bruinsma & Berghuis, n.d., para. 3).
Reference list entry
Date of retrieval may be required after the title, eg. Retrieved May 16, 2009, from...
Bruinsma, B., & Berghuis, W. (n.d.). Perspectives on learning: Consequences on instructional
design: Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.geocities.com/learningenvironments/
Ebook
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included unless there are no page numbers, in which case use the chapter and section details (chapter is abbreviated as ‘ch.’).
Tanaka (2012, p. 19) notes this shift in law as being due to offshore exploration and drilling: “After World War II, however, coastal states increasingly extended their jurisdiction toward the high seas in order to control offshore resources”.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers must be included if available.
Tanaka (2012) asserts that coastal nations, wanting to obtain and secure offshore deposits of natural resources for their own use, expanded their jurisdictional reach into the high seas.
Reference list entry
If no digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned to the content, include the home page URL.
Tanaka, Y. (2012). The International Law of the Sea, Cambridge University Press. EBL Ebook
Library. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/
Thesis
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
A student engaged in deep learning "focuses on what is intended or signified by the author of the text" (Bond, 2000, p. 78).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
An example of a deep approach to learning is when a student strives to understand what the author's intention is within the text (Bond, 2000).
Reference list entry
If no digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned to the content, include details of online access. See APA 6th manual for specific guidelines, Section 7.05 pp.207-208.
Bond, C. (2000). The development of students' experiences of learning in higher education (PhD
Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia). Retrieved from
http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051214.111201/index.html
Image from the web
Direct quote
In the middle of the model we can see overlap is "learning as becoming a new person" (Learning in a community of practice, n.d.).
Paraphrasing
The model shows that when a student succeeds at learning within a disciplinary community ultimately they change their conception of the world and therefore change themselves (Learning in a community of practice, n.d.).
Reference list entry
The date of retrieval may be required after the title, eg. Retrieved May 16, 2009, from...
Learning in a community of practice [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://daugherity.com/blogfiles/CoPVenn.jpg
Table or graph from the web
Direct quote
Walter Burley and Marion Mahoney Griffin’s ceiling in the Capitol Theatre, Melbourne 1975
Paraphrasing
(Seivers 1975)
Reference entry list
Seivers, W. (1975). Walter Burley and Marion Mahoney Griffin’s ceiling in the Capitol Theatre,
Melbourne 1975. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic=an12752342-2.
Blog comment
Direct quote
Stephens (2008, September 14) emphasises that in order to maintain an interesting blog "I try to read many blogs in my blogosphere; those that I aspire to be like, and those that are more my direct competitors".
Paraphrasing
Creating a valuable blog involves researching what other bloggers are doing (Stephens, 2008).
Reference list entry
Stephens, R. (2008, September 14). Re: 50 ways to take your blog to the next level [Blog post].
Retrieved from http://www.chrisbrogan.com/50-ways-to-take-your-blog-to-the-next-level/
Wiki
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included. If not present, give paragraph numbers.
Mader (2008, para. 4) points to the essential difference between a blog and a wiki: "A blog is very much an online journal, and a wiki is similar to a whiteboard, except that it records everything that's written on it, and lets you see the history of revisions".
Paraphrasing
A blog is like a personal online diary with sequential entries going back in time, whereas a wiki is produced and edited by more than one person and you are able to view any changes made (Mader, 2008).
Paraphrase
Chris Taylor's interview on INSEADofficial (2010) was ...
Reference list entry
Mader, S. (2008, April 10). Interview: The state of wikis in education. Retrieved September 29,
2008 from Grow Your Wiki: http://www.ikiw.org/2008/04/10/interview-the-state-of-wikis-
in-education/
Podcast
Direct quote
When people think about their health and life expectancy they often believe this is primarily effected by medical factors, however "it's the social and economic circumstances that we live in which seem to be the most powerful determinants of how healthy we are" (Seega, 2008).
Paraphrasing
Many people do not realise that the main factors that determine their health and life expectancy are the economic and social situations they live in (Seega, 2008).
Reference list entry
Seega, B. (Producer), & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2008, September 15). Closing the gap in a
generation [radio program]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/
Australian Bureau of Statistics report
In ABS publications if no page nor paragraph numbers are visible, cite the heading name followed by the word section, and the number of the paragraph following it:
First citation
"In the 2010 calendar year, 47% of HERD ($3,836 million) was directed towards Applied research, 25% ($2,052 million) to Pure basic research and 20% ($1,653 million) to Strategic basic research" (ABS, 2010, Type of activity section, para. 1).
Subsequent citations
"As with HERD, New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland accounted for three quarters (75%) of total human resources devoted to R&D in 2010" (ABS, 2010, Type of resource section, para. 2).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Of the total research and development in higher education in 2010 the largest proportion was spent on applied research (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010).
Reference list entry
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Research and experimental development, higher education
organisations, Australia, 2010, (Catalogue No. 8111.0). Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0
Government report
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Jurisdiction may not be required. Check with your tutor.
What is different about higher education is "the effective coupling and integration of the generic outcomes of a general education with preparation for specialised and professional participation in the workforce" (Australia Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002, p. 3).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
Higher education has a dual role in that it endeavours to not only cover generic skills but also give learners a thorough introduction to their specialist discipline and how it functions within the workplace (Australia Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002).
Reference list entry
When the author and the publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
Australia Department of Education, Science and Training. (2002). Striving for quality: Learning,
teaching and scholarship (DEST no. 6891.HERC02A). Canberra, Australia: Author.
Standards Australia standard
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included.
Teachers in the tutoring industry refers to "...those who possess teaching qualifications from recognised institutions" (Standards Australia, 2006, p. 5).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers may be required.
In the tutoring industry it is recognised that the term tutor denotes someone that provides tuition, whereas a person who is called a teacher is someone who has formal teaching qualifications (Standards Australia, 2006).
Reference list entry
Standards Australia. (2006). Tutoring code of practice (HB201-206). Retrieved from
http://www.saiglobal.com
Film or video recording
Direct quote
The focus of the thinking curriculum is: "preparing children to become active and thoughtful citizens" (McAuliffe, 2005).
Paraphrasing
Developing a thinking curriculum means not just focusing on teaching content, it's emphasis is on teaching children to use higher order thinking skills in their approach to learning (McAuliffe, 2005).
Reference list entry
McAuliffe, M. (Executive Producer). (2005). The thinking curriculum [DVD]. Bendigo, Australia:
Video Education Australasia.
TV or radio program
Direct quote
Dr Peter McIntosh from CSIRO explains the current drought is having a greater impact because "climate change is warming Australia, and the warmer it gets, the more evaporation you get so the same amount of rainfall is less effective for farmers" (ABC-TV, 2008).
Paraphrasing
Australian experts agree that the current drought is having a greater negative impact on farms because climate change is creating higher rates of evaporation of rainfall (ABC-TV, 2008).
Reference list entry
ABC-TV (Australia). (2008, March 17). Winds of change [Television broadcast]. In Four Corners.
Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Podcast or online video
Direct quote
When people think about their health and life expectancy they often believe this is primarily effected by medical factors, however "it's the social and economic circumstances that we live in which seem to be the most powerful determinants of how healthy we are" (Seega, 2008).
Paraphrasing
Many people do not realise that the main factors that determine their health and life expectancy are the economic and social situations they live in (Seega, 2008).
Reference list entry
Seega, B. (Producer), & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2008, September 15). Closing the gap in a
generation [radio program]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/
DVD
Direct quote
In other words, “Refusing to address the issues is one way to kill communication” (Don’t hesitate, communicate! Effective communication in the office, 2010).
Paraphrasing
Effective communication in a workplace can end if a problem is not dealt with (Don’t hesitate, communicate! Effective communication in the office, 2010).
Reference list entry
Don’t hesitate, communicate! Effective communication in the office. (2010) [DVD].
Bendigo, Australia: Video Education Australasia.
Feature film on DVD
Direct quote
The passing down from generation to generation of a chef’s skills is humorously summed up by this statement from Po’s adopted father: “We are noodle folk-broth runs through our veins!” (Kung Fu Panda, 2008).
Paraphrasing
In this instance, a blank scroll is used as a metaphor for non-existent knowledge (Kung Fu Panda, 2008).
Reference list entry
Stevenson, J. & Osborne, M. (Directors). (2008). Kung Fu Panda (Motion Picture) Hollywood,
Calif: Paramount Pictures.
Lecture Notes
Direct quote
Page numbers must be included if present. If not available, give paragraph numbers.
“Systems can be natural or artificial, eg. The solar system; Australia; Swinburne University of Technology; a bicycle” (Tipping, 2010, para. 2).
Paraphrasing
Page numbers or paragraph numbers may be required.
There are usually two types of systems: natural systems and artificial systems (Tipping, 2010).
Reference list entry
Tipping, R. (2010). Lecture 1. HIT3423/8423 Enterprise system management. Retrieved from
http://swinburne.blackboard.swinburne.tippy.enterprise?
Computer software
Direct quote
Endnote Version 10.0.2 software "is made available under a site licence agreement" (ISI Research, 2006).
Paraphrasing
Endnote is a program, available to students through an institutional agreement with the software provider, that enables researchers to store, manage and present information in citations and reference lists (ISI Research, 2006).
Reference list entry
When the author and the publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
ISI Research. (2006). Endnote (Version 10.0.2) [Computer software]. San Fransisco, CA: Author.
Corporate author
Groups that serve as authors (e.g. corporations, associations, government agencies etc.) are usually spelled out each time they appear in-text.
If the group name is generally known by an acronym, then it may be spelled out in full in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter.
Examples
According to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (2004) figures for 2004...
This can be seen... (Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia, 2004).
Reference list entry
Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2004). AASB standards for 2005: equivalents to
IFRSs as at August 2004. Sydney, Australia: Pearson Education.
Personal communication
Personal communication can include emails, interviews, informal conversations, telephone calls, letters, and lecture presentations.
Initials are included. Full details of the date (month, day and year) should be provided in the text.
Examples
(S. Hansen, personal communication, July 2, 2011).
S.J. Larmar (personal communication, May 1, 2011) said...
On 20 July 2011, A. Jones confirmed ...
Reference entry list
Personal communications are not included in the reference list.